透气隔水埋体对土壤水分入渗与溶质运移的影响

为分析透气隔水(弱透水)埋体促进水分入渗与溶质运移功效,开展了不同容重(1.40,1.45,1.50,1.60 g/cm~3)透气隔水(弱透水)埋体的一维垂直土柱入渗试验,分析了不同容重的透气隔水(弱透水)埋体对土壤水分入渗与溶质分布的影响。结果表明,透气隔水(弱透水)埋体能够增加土壤累积入渗量,推动湿润锋运移,在一定范围内,随着透气隔水(弱透水)埋体容重增加,湿润锋推进速度与土壤入渗率均增加。600 min时,土壤累积入渗量相对增加7.42%～29.17%,湿润锋深度达到27 cm,入渗时间相对减少26.97%～64.27%。相比于对照组,不同容重的透气隔水(弱透水)埋体均能降低溶质向深层土壤迁移数量。Philip模型和代数模型均能描述透气隔水(弱透水)埋体土壤水分入渗过程,且Philip模型中吸渗率S和代数模型中综合形状系数α均与透气隔水(弱透水)埋体内外容重比呈正相关关系。研究结果表明透气隔水(弱透水)埋体能够通过改变上层土壤吸力分布提高水分入渗能力与溶质传输效率,实现对城市雨水径流调控和净化。     

滴灌灌水均匀系数与灌水量对土壤水分分布及温室番茄产量的影响

为探索灌水均匀系数与灌水量对温室番茄产量和土壤水分变化的影响,确定合理的滴灌灌水均匀系数,本研究设置65%、75%和85%3个灌水均匀度水平, 190 mm、220 mm和250 mm 3个灌水量水平,测量番茄生育期内土壤含水率及番茄产量,计算土壤含水率均匀系数和番茄灌溉水利用效率。结果表明,当灌水均匀系数为65%～85%时,土壤水分均匀系数均值(82.57%～93.76%)接近或高于设置的滴灌灌水均匀系数的最大值(85%)。滴灌灌水均匀系数对土壤含水率均匀系数影响权重最大,灌水量、灌水均匀系数、土壤初始含水率均值3个影响因素与土壤含水率均匀系数均值之间呈线性关系(P0.05),决定系数为0.918。当土壤初始含水率占田间持水量比重60%,灌水量低于15mm时,灌水均匀系数与灌水量二者的交互作用与土壤含水率均匀系数为显著线性关系(P0.05),其他情况下均无显著性关系。灌水量对产量为显著影响(P0.05),灌水均匀系数及二者的交互作用对番茄产量无显著影响,考虑产量及灌溉水分利用效率,灌水量220 mm、灌水均匀系数75%组合为最优组合。因此在西北地区,综合考虑经济性和系统的可靠性,建议下调现行滴灌灌水均匀系数标准。     

Sap flow characteristics and physiological adjustments of two dominant tree species in pure and mixed plantations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

It is essential to understand the water consumption characteristics and physiological adjustments of tree species under drought conditions, as well as the effects of pure and mixed plantations on these characteristics in semi-arid regions. In this study, the normalized sap flow (SF_n), leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (g_s), and photosynthetic rate (P_r) were monitored for two dominant species, i.e., Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides, in both pure and mixed plantations in a semi-arid region of Chinese Loess Plateau. A threshold-delay model showed that the lower rainfall thresholds (R^L) for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides in pure plantations were 9.6 and 11.0 mm, respectively, and the time lags (τ) after rainfall were 1.15 and 1.76 d for corresponding species, respectively. The results indicated that P. tabuliformis was more sensitive to rainfall pulse than H. rhamnoides. In addition, strong stomatal control allowed P. tabuliformis to experience low g_s and P_r in response to drought, while maintaining a high midday leaf water potential (Ψ_m). However, H. rhamnoides maintained high g_s and P_r at a low Ψ_m expense. Therefore, P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides can be considered as isohydric and anisohydric species, respectively. In mixed plantation, the values of R^L for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides were 6.5 and 8.9 mm, respectively; and the values of τ were 0.86 and 1.61 d for corresponding species, respectively, which implied that mixed afforestation enhanced the rainfall pulse sensitivity for both two species, especially for P. tabuliformis. In addition, mixed afforestation significantly reduced SF_n, g_s, and P_r for P. tabuliformis (P<0.05), while maintaining a high leaf water potential status. However, no significant effect of mixed afforestation of H. rhamnoides was observed at the expense of leaf water potential status in response to drought. Although inconsistent physiological responses were adopted by these species, the altered water consumption characteristics, especially for P. tabuliformis indicated that the mixed afforestation requires further investigation.     

黄河未来输沙量态势及其适用性对策

[目的] 探索黄河输沙预测的新思路，预估黄河未来输沙态势与输沙量水平，为黄河流域生态治理规划提供参考。[方法] 结合黄河流域水土保持生态修复现状，采用单累积曲线法、滑动平均及频率分析方法，分析1950—2019年黄河主要来沙区间的实测输沙量变化特征及其未来态势。[结果] 1950—2019年黄河输沙量呈现阶梯式减少。1950—2019年黄河中游各站累积实测输沙量随时间的变化可用“左半抛物线”表征。黄河输沙量自1997年以来已进入相对稳定态势，目前已达企稳状态；黄河潼关站未来年输沙量在90%频率下为1.00×10⁸ t左右，在10%频率下为5.00×10⁸ t左右，未来多年平均输沙量为1.40×10⁸ t。[结论] 为了维持黄河输沙量低稳状态，提升水土保持措施质量与标准，补齐“后水土保持”短板，构建完善的水沙关系调控体系，维持黄河下游河道冲淤平衡，是黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的保障。     

Influence of low soil nitrogen and phosphorus on gluten polymeric and monomeric protein distribution in two high quality spring wheat cultivars

The effect of low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and a combination of the two on the distribution of polymeric and monomeric proteins in two high quality spring bread wheat cultivars was investigated for two consecutive seasons. Size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) was used to determine the quantity and relationships of monomeric and polymeric proteins, and their relationship with flour protein content (FPC) and SDS sedimentation volume (SDSS). The low nitrogen and combined low nitrogen and low phosphorus treatments had a much larger effect on the protein fractions than the low phosphorus treatment alone. The SDS-soluble large monomeric protein fraction and the percentage SDS-insoluble monomeric proteins, were significantly increased under low nitrogen and a combination of low nitrogen and low phosphorus treatments. The percentage SDS-insoluble large and total polymeric proteins was significantly reduced under low nitrogen and a combination of low nitrogen and phosphorus treatments. The SDS-soluble and -insoluble small polymeric proteins were significantly increased under both low nitrogen and a combination of low nitrogen and low phosphorus treatments. The low nitrogen treatment consistently caused the lowest FPC and SDSS values. Under low nitrogen conditions, there was a significant positive correlation between the SDS-soluble gliadins and SDSS, and FPC.     

Rate-specific responses of prokaryotic diversity and structure to nitrogen deposition in the Leymus chinensis steppe

Serious nitrogen (N) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems causes soil acidification and changes the structure and function of the microbial community. However, it is unclear how these changes are dependent on N deposition rates, other factors induced by N (e.g., pH), and their interactions. In this study, we investigated the responses of soil prokaryotic community structure and stability after a 13-year N addition in the semi-arid Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Our results demonstrated that the prokaryotic community structure changed at the low N addition rate of 1.75 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹; however, dramatic changes in microbial abundance, respiratory quotient, and prokaryotic diversity occurred at N addition rates of more than 5.25 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ when the soil pH dropped below 6.0. The two patterns indicated the difference in driving forces for different microbial properties. The N-driven and pH-driven processes are likely the most important mechanisms determining the responses of bacterial community to N. Some copiotrophic/oligotrophic bacteria, e.g., Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, changed their relative abundances with the N addition continuously even at a low rate, indicating that they were more sensitive to N directly. Some bacterial groups significantly changed their relative abundance at a high N addition rate when pH dropped below 6.0, e.g., Verrucomicrobia and Armatimonadetes, indicating that they were more sensitive to pH below 6.0. N addition altered the prokaryotic community structure through enrichment of copiotrophic bacteria (species adjustment) at low N addition rates and through enrichment of nitrophilous taxa and significant loss of diversity at high N rates. The results also demonstrated that a high N addition diminished the stability of the prokaryotic community structure and activity through reduction in species diversity and bacterial interaction. Overall, this study supported the hypothesis that the responses of prokaryota to N were dependent on deposition rates, and N-driven and pH-driven processes were the important mechanisms to control the shift of the prokaryotic community.     

我国喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区植物群落构建机制研究

喀斯特断陷盆地是我国石漠化综合治理8大喀斯特类型中治理成效最低、治理难度最大的区域，面临石漠化严重、干旱频发、植被恢复难等突出问题。文中针对水分是影响喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化治理与植被恢复成效最关键的限制因素，综合分析了国内外水分梯度差异与植物群落构建机制研究动态与发展趋势；提出利用日趋成熟的水分脆弱性评价方法，通过建立基于耦合暴露度、敏感性及适应性的水资源脆弱性评价指标体系，以满足遥感影像分辨率和植物群落调查样地大小的评价单元进行水分脆弱性评估；在建立物种库—功能性状—生境特征数据库的基础上，提出基于功能性状差异进行喀斯特断陷盆地植物群落机制构建的研究方案。提出的研究方案有望解决喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区水分梯度特征与分布格局、自然植物群落组配规律及其生境特征、水分梯度与生境要素对植物群落特征及功能性状组成的影响规律等关键科学问题，可为不同脆弱生态区植被恢复群落构建机制研究提供重要参考和借鉴。     

城市人工湖泊浮游植物群落结构特征及其主要环境因子分析——以长沙梅溪湖为例

长沙梅溪湖为新兴城市人工湖泊,是国家级新区湘江新区的城市“海绵体”,其水环境与水生态状况是该区域高质量发展关注的重点,对维护湘江新区生态环境具有重要意义。为揭示梅溪湖水生态现状,分季度采集梅溪湖水样,分析浮游植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示梅溪湖浮游植物共有7门96种,其中以绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻种类数居多,占总种类数的86.46%,主要优势种为细小隐球藻（Aphanocapsa elacjista）、小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）、链状曲壳藻（Achnanthes catenata）和尖尾蓝隐藻（Chroomonas acuta）,优势种具有明显季节交替性。浮游植物年均密度为（23.97±9.95）×10^6 cells/L,各季度东部水域密度均高于西部水域;多样性指数评价结果表明梅溪湖水体处于中度污染和中-富营养状态,与水质评价结果基本一致。浮游植物与环境因子基于转化的冗余分析结果显示,水温、氧化还原电位、总氮和亚硝酸盐氮是影响梅溪湖浮游植物群落的主要驱动因子,控制总氮等营养盐的输入将是改善梅溪湖水质和营养状态的有效手段。     

生长年限对苜蓿和柠条光合特征及土壤水分的影响

为了探究生长年限对衰败期苜蓿和中老龄柠条的叶片光合生理特征及土壤水分的影响，在2014年于地处黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带强烈侵蚀中心的神木六道沟小流域，测定了不同生长年限苜蓿（ALF₁₀、ALF₁₃、ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉）和柠条（KOP₁₀、KOP₂₅、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃）的叶片光合参数、叶结构性状参数以及0~400 cm土层土壤体积含水量（SWC_0-400）。结果表明：对于衰败期苜蓿，ALF₁₀和ALF₁₃叶片净光合速率（P_n）差异不显著（P>0.05），而后随生长年限的延长逐渐降低，ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉比ALF₁₃叶片的P_n（24.01 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别降低了2.32 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.76 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。相比ALF₁₀，随生长年限延长SWC_0-400恢复至10.88%（ALF₁₃），而后随着生长年限延长降低至8.81%（ALF₃₃）和6.12%（ALF₄₉）。土壤水分对ALF₃₃的限制作用不明显，水分胁迫使ALF₄₉非气孔限制值比ALF₃₃增大了0.340。对于中老龄期柠条，叶片P_n随生长年限的延长先升高后降低，KOP₂₅和KOP₄₃叶片P_n最大且两者差异不显著（P>0.05），比KOP₁₀（6.62 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别增大了6.57 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.66 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，KOP₇₃比KOP₄₃叶片P_n降低了4.95 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。对于同为黄绵土生长的KOP₁₀、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃，SWC_0-400随生长年限延长逐渐上升，分别为8.50%、9.06%和10.71%。土壤水分恢复使KOP₄₃叶片气孔及非气孔限制值比KOP₁₀柠条降低了0.185和2.180。此外，柠条叶片相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）与P_n呈极显著正相关（P<0.001），相关系数为0.514。研究结果表明衰败期苜蓿和中老龄期柠条叶片光合性能呈波动式变化，这与土壤水分的相互作用有关。     

Protection and Ecological Restoration of Water Level Fluctuation Zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Water level fluctuation zone(hereinafter referred to as "WLFZ") is a transitional ecosystem between terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem,and also a key area to control its neighboring terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. After the Three Gorges Reservoir was put into use,ecological environment of its WLFZ has aroused wide concern from domestic and foreign experts. On the basis of introducing characteristics of WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir,current ecological environment and main problems of this area were analyzed,plant selection and configuration was elaborated as well as the implementation effect of many WLFZ protection and ecological restoration modes. In view of the actual conditions,pertinent suggestions were proposed for WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir,namely classified protection and ecological restoration,enhancing monitoring and assessment of current situation and change tendency,carrying out technical researches and demonstration of WLFZ wetland ecological restoration.